Transport and Network Layers
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Description
Transport Layer
- Organize data into segments
- Reliable end-to-end transport
- Loss recovery
- Flow control
- Data ordering
- Data duplication
- Or just Best Effort delivery
- Segmentation
- Dividing data in small fragments that can be transmitted over network
- Different networks have different Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)
- MTU defines maximum size of one data piece carried through the network
- Data is being divided and transmitted to recipient via transport layer
- The MTU size is being acknowledged by transport layer
- MTU acknowledgment is during discovering routine and while establishing connection with the recipient
- Reassembly
- Done at the receiving end
- Transport layer protocols reconstructs data to its initial form
- Data can be received in different order
- Transport layer rearranges pieces of data in the correct order
- Sequencing
- Using sequencing identifiers
- Avoids losses and duplication
- Fixes the issue of following data different paths
- Organizing data in groups of subdivided data segments
- Identifying the order of groups of data sending and interpretation
- Connection oriented
- Reliable and more secure
- Establishing two way connection between the nodes before data transmission
- When the browser is trying to open the webpage, transport layer would send synchronization packet to the web server
- Browser expects synchronization-acknowledgement response
- When it receives response, it sends its own response to the server
- After this process is done the data can be transmitted
- Connectionless oriented
- Not reliable
- Best-effort delivery
- No connection establishment prior to data transmission
- Less security
- Allows data flooding
- Used with delay-sensitive data (Real Time)
- Audio calls
- Video streaming
- Organize data into packets
- Responsible of end-to-end addressing and routing
- Identifies unique logical address for machines
- Selects the best path for destination
- Routers work in the network later
- Performs fragmentation if segmentation is not enough
- Receives the segments of data from Transport layer
- Converts them to packets by adding addressing information
- Source address
- Destination address
- Finds a route for data to be delivered to the receiver
- Routes may differ because it is being determined based on the following:
- Network overload
- Quality of Service (QoS)
- Cost of alternative routes
- Delivery priorities
- Unique identifier
- Bound to geographical location
- Used for end-to-end routing
- Can be changed
- Not vendor oriented
- Common example is the IP address in TCP/IP
- Network layer defines the following:
- Source machine
- Destination machine
- Transport Layer guarantees either of the following according to the used protocol:
- End-to-end reliable delivery
- End-t0-end Best-effort delivery
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