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This is a detailed tutorial designed for coders who need to learn the Python programming language from scratch. In this course, I’ll try to highlight many of Python’s capabilities and features. Python is an easy-to-learn programming language.
Your First Program
>>> print “Hello World”
Hello World
>>>
On UNIX:
#!/usr/local/bin/python
print “Hello World”
Expressions
Expressions are the same as with other languages, as in the following:
1 + 3
1 + (3*4)
1 ** 2
’Hello’ + ’World’
Variables
Variables are not tied to a memory location like in C. They are dynamically typed.
a = 4 << 3
b = a * 4.5
if-else
# find maximum (z) of a and b
if a < b:
z = b
else:
z = a
elif statement
PS: There is no “switch” statement.
if a == ’+’:
op = PLUS
elif a == ’-’:
op = MINUS
elif a == ’*’:
op = MULTIPLY
else:
op = UNKNOWN
The while statement
while a < b:
# Do something
a = a * 2
The for statement
for i in [3, 4, 10, 25]:
print i
Tuples:
Tuples are like lists, but the size is fixed at the time of creation.
f = (2,3,4,5) # A tuple of integers
Functions
# Return a+b
def Sum(a,b):
s = a+b
return s
# Now use it
a = Sum(2,5) # a = 7
Files
f = open(“foo”,”w”) # Open a file for writing
g = open(“bar”,”r”) # Open a file for reading
“r” Open for reading
“w” Open for writing (truncating to zero length)
“a” Open for append
“r+” Open for read/write (updates)
“w+” Open for read/write (with truncation to zero length)
Examples of string processing functions
string.atof(s) # Convert to float
string.atoi(s) # Convert to integer
string.atol(s) # Convert to long
string.count(s,pattern) # Count occurrences of pattern in s.
Operating System Services
First, when we talk about operating system, we mean the management of computer hardware and software resources and providing common services for computer programs.
Python has the power to easily manipulate the system calls, Operating environment, Processes, Timers, Signal handling, Error reporting etc…
Let’s start with the Environment Variables:
user = os.environ[’USER’]
os.environ[’PATH’] = “/bin:/usr/bin”
Working directory
os.chdir(path) | # Change current working directory |
os.getcwd() | # Get it |
Users and groups
os.getegid() | # Get effective group id |
os.geteuid() | # Get effective user id |
os.getgid() | # Get group id |
os.getuid() | # Get user id |
os.setgid(gid) | # Set group id |
os.setuid(uid) | # Set user id |
Process
os.fork() | # Create a child process |
os.execv(path,args) | # Execute a process os.execve(path, args, env) |
os.execvp(path, args) | # Execute process, use default path os.execvpe(path,args, env) |
os.wait([pid)] | # Wait for child process |
os.waitpid(pid,options) | # Wait for change in state of child |
os.system(command) | # Execute a system command |
os._exit(n) | # Exit immediately with status n |
Regular Expressions in PYTHON
Definition
Regular expressions are patterns used to match character combinations. Take a look at given below table:
Regular Expressions |
Description |
foo.* | # Matches any string starting with foo |
d* | # Match any number decimal digits |
[a-zA-Z]+ | # Match a sequence of one or more letters |
text | Match literal text |
. | Match any character except newline |
^ | Match the start of a string |
$ | Match the end of a string |
* | Match 0 or more repetitions |
+ | Match 1 or more repetitions |
? | Match 0 or 1 repetitions *? Match 0 or more, few as possible |
+? | Match 1 or more, few as possible |
{m,n} | Match m to n repetitions |
{m,n}? | Match m to n repetitions, few as possible |
[…] | Match a set of characters |
[^…] | Match characters not in set |
A | B | Match A or B (…) Match regex in parenthesis as a group |
number | Matches text matched by previous group |
A | Matches start of string |
b | Matches empty string at beginning or end of word |
B | Matches empty string not at begin or end of word |
d | Matches any decimal digit |
D | Matches any non-digit |
s | Matches any whitespace |
S | Matches any non-whitespace |
w | Matches any alphanumeric character |
W | Matches characters not in |
w Z | Match at end of string. |
\ | Literal backslash |
Did You Know?
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This has helped….any types for more advanced python?
more like reference sheet that from scratch. I would like to see it though and some basic programs.
nice. Thanks for this
Quick ref sheet, still useful.
I would say this is far from detailed. This is more like a quick reference sheet.